List of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine (Health)
List of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine (Health)
The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine is awarded, according to the will of Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Bernhard Nobel, “to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind” in the fields of physiology or medicine. It is conferred by the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm.
Year | Name | Country* | Achievement |
1901 | Germany | work on serum therapy | |
1902 | U.K. | discovery of how malaria enters an organism | |
1903 | Denmark | treatment of skin diseases with light | |
1904 | Russia | work on the physiology of digestion | |
1905 | Germany | tuberculosis research | |
1906 | Italy | work on the structure of the nervous system | |
Spain | work on the structure of the nervous system | ||
1907 | France | discovery of the role of protozoans in diseases | |
1908 | Germany | work on immunity | |
Russia | work on immunity | ||
1909 | Switzerland | physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland | |
1910 | Germany | researches in cellular chemistry | |
1911 | Sweden | work on dioptrics of the eye | |
1912 | France | work on vascular suture; transplantation of organs | |
1913 | France | work on anaphylaxis | |
1914 | Austria-Hungary | work on vestibular apparatus | |
1919 | Belgium | work on immunity factors in blood serum | |
1920 | Denmark | discovery of the capillary motor-regulating mechanism | |
1922 | U.K. | discoveries concerning heat production in muscles | |
Germany | work on metabolism of lactic acid in muscles | ||
1923 | Canada | discovery of insulin | |
U.K. | discovery of insulin | ||
1924 | Netherlands | discovery of electrocardiogram mechanism | |
1926 | Denmark | contributions to cancer research | |
1927 | Austria | work on malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica | |
1928 | France | work on typhus | |
1929 | Netherlands | discovery of the antineuritic vitamin | |
U.K. | discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins | ||
1930 | U.S. | discovery of human blood groups | |
1931 | Germany | discovery of the nature and action of the respiratory enzyme | |
1932 | U.K. | discoveries regarding function of neurons | |
U.K. | discoveries regarding function of neurons | ||
1933 | U.S. | heredity transmission functions of chromosomes | |
1934 | U.S. | discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia | |
U.S. | discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia | ||
U.S. | discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia | ||
1935 | Germany | organizer effect in embryos | |
1936 | U.K. | work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses | |
Germany | work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses | ||
1937 | Hungary | work on biological combustion | |
1938 | Belgium | discovery of the role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in respiration regulation | |
1939 | Gerhard Domagk (declined) | Germany | antibacterial effect of Prontosil |
1943 | Denmark | discovery of vitamin K | |
U.S. | discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K | ||
1944 | U.S. | researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres | |
U.S. | researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres | ||
1945 | U.K. | discovery of penicillin and its curative value | |
U.K. | discovery of penicillin and its curative value | ||
Australia | discovery of penicillin and its curative value | ||
1946 | U.S. | production of mutations by X-radiation | |
1947 | U.S. | discovery of how glycogen is catalytically converted | |
Argentina | pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism | ||
1948 | Switzerland | properties of DDT | |
1949 | Portugal | therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychoses | |
Switzerland | discovery of functions of the interbrain | ||
1950 | U.S. | research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects | |
U.S. | research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects | ||
Switzerland | research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects | ||
1951 | South Africa | yellow fever discoveries | |
1952 | U.S. | discovery of streptomycin | |
1953 | U.K. | discovery of the citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates | |
U.S. | discovery of coenzyme A in metabolism of carbohydrates | ||
1954 | U.S. | cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures | |
U.S. | cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures | ||
U.S. | cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures | ||
1955 | Sweden | nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes | |
1956 | U.S. | discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes | |
West Germany | discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes | ||
U.S. | discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes | ||
1957 | Italy | production of synthetic curare | |
1958 | U.S. | genetic regulation of chemical processes | |
U.S. | genetic recombination | ||
U.S. | genetic regulation of chemical processes | ||
1959 | U.S. | work on producing nucleic acids artificially | |
U.S. | work on producing nucleic acids artificially | ||
1960 | Australia | acquired immunity to tissue transplants | |
U.K. | acquired immunity to tissue transplants | ||
1961 | U.S. | functions of the inner ear | |
1962 | U.K. | discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA | |
U.S. | discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA | ||
U.K. | discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA | ||
1963 | Australia | study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre | |
U.K. | study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre | ||
U.K. | study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre | ||
1964 | U.S. | discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism | |
West Germany | discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism | ||
1965 | France | discoveries concerning regulatory activities of body cells | |
France | discoveries concerning regulatory activities of body cells | ||
France | discoveries concerning regulatory activities of body cells | ||
1966 | U.S. | research on causes and treatment of cancer | |
U.S. | research on causes and treatment of cancer | ||
1967 | Sweden | discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye | |
U.S. | discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye | ||
U.S. | discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye | ||
1968 | U.S. | deciphering the genetic code | |
U.S. | deciphering the genetic code | ||
U.S. | deciphering the genetic code | ||
1969 | U.S. | research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases | |
U.S. | research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases | ||
U.S. | research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases | ||
1970 | U.S. | discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission | |
Sweden | discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission | ||
U.K. | discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission | ||
1971 | U.S. | action of hormones | |
1972 | U.S. | research on the chemical structure of antibodies | |
U.K. | research on the chemical structure of antibodies | ||
1973 | Austria | discoveries in animal behaviour patterns | |
Austria | discoveries in animal behaviour patterns | ||
U.K. | discoveries in animal behaviour patterns | ||
1974 | U.S. | research on structural and functional organization of cells | |
Belgium | research on structural and functional organization of cells | ||
U.S. | research on structural and functional organization of cells | ||
1975 | U.S. | interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell | |
U.S. | interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell | ||
U.S. | interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell | ||
1976 | U.S. | studies of the origin and spread of infectious diseases | |
U.S. | studies of the origin and spread of infectious diseases | ||
1977 | U.S. | research on pituitary hormones | |
U.S. | research on pituitary hormones | ||
U.S. | development of radioimmunoassay | ||
1978 | Switzerland | discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA | |
U.S. | discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA | ||
U.S. | discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA | ||
1979 | U.S. | development of the CAT scan | |
U.K. | development of the CAT scan | ||
1980 | U.S. | investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances | |
France | investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances | ||
U.S. | investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances | ||
1981 | U.S. | processing of visual information by the brain | |
U.S. | functions of the cerebral hemispheres | ||
Sweden | processing of visual information by the brain | ||
1982 | Sweden | biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins | |
Sweden | biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins | ||
U.K. | biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins | ||
1983 | U.S. | discovery of mobile plant genes that affect heredity | |
1984 | U.K.-Denmark | theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies | |
West Germany | theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies | ||
Argentina | theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies | ||
1985 | U.S. | discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism | |
U.S. | discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism | ||
1986 | U.S. | discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells | |
Italy | discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells | ||
1987 | Japan | study of genetic aspects of antibodies | |
1988 | U.K. | development of new classes of drugs for combating disease | |
U.S. | development of new classes of drugs for combating disease | ||
U.S. | development of new classes of drugs for combating disease | ||
1989 | U.S. | study of cancer-causing genes (oncogenes) | |
U.S. | study of cancer-causing genes (oncogenes) | ||
1990 | U.S. | development of kidney and bone marrow transplants | |
U.S. | development of kidney and bone marrow transplants | ||
1991 | Germany | discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases | |
Germany | discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases | ||
1992 | U.S. | discovery of the class of enzymes called protein kinases | |
U.S. | discovery of the class of enzymes called protein kinases | ||
1993 | U.K. | discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure | |
U.S. | discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure | ||
1994 | U.S. | discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins | |
U.S. | discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins | ||
1995 | U.S. | identification of genes that control the body's early structural development | |
Germany | identification of genes that control the body's early structural development | ||
U.S. | identification of genes that control the body's early structural development | ||
1996 | Australia | discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells | |
Switzerland | discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells | ||
1997 | U.S. | discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing protein | |
1998 | U.S. | discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system | |
U.S. | discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system | ||
U.S. | discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system | ||
1999 | U.S. | discovery that proteins have signals governing cellular organization | |
2000 | Sweden | discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain | |
U.S. | discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain | ||
U.S. | discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain | ||
2001 | U.S. | discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle | |
U.K. | discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle | ||
U.K. | discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle | ||
2002 | U.K. | discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) | |
U.S. | discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) | ||
U.K. | discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) | ||
2003 | U.S. | development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | |
U.K. | development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | ||
2004 | U.S. | discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system | |
U.S. | discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system | ||
2005 | Australia | discovery of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer disease | |
Australia | discovery of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer disease | ||
2006 | U.S. | discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA | |
U.S. | discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA | ||
2007 | U.S. | discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells | |
U.K. | discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells | ||
U.S. | discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells | ||
2008 | France | discovery of human immunodeficiency virus | |
France | discovery of human immunodeficiency virus | ||
Germany | discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer | ||
2009 | U.S. | discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase | |
U.S. | discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase | ||
U.S. | discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase | ||
2010 | U.K. | development of in vitro fertilization | |
2011 | U.S. | discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity | |
Luxembourg/France | discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity | ||
Canada | discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity | ||
2012 | U.K. | discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent | |
Japan | discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent | ||
2013 | U.S. | discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells | |
U.S. | discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells | ||
Germany/U.S. | discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells | ||
2014 | Norway | discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain | |
Norway | discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain | ||
U.S./U.K. | discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain | ||
2015 | Ireland | discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites | |
Japan | discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites | ||
China | discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria | ||
2016 | Japan | discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy | |
2017 | U.S. | discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm | |
U.S. | discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm | ||
U.S. | discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm | ||
2018 | U.S. | discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation | |
Japan | discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation | ||
2019 | U.S. | discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability | |
U.K. | discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability | ||
U.S. | discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability | ||
2020 | U.S. | discovery of hepatitis C virus | |
U.K. | discovery of hepatitis C virus | ||
U.S. | discovery of hepatitis C virus | ||
2021 | U.S. | discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch | |
Leb./U.S. | discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch | ||
2022 | Sweden | discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution | |
2023 | Hungary/U.S. | discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 | |
U.S. | discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 | ||
2024 | U.S. | discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation | |
U.S. | discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation | ||
2025 | U.S. | discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance | |
U.S. | discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance | ||
Japan | discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance |
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