List of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine (Health)
List of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine (Health)
The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine is awarded, according to the will of Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Bernhard Nobel, “to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind” in the fields of physiology or medicine. It is conferred by the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm.
|
Year |
Name |
Country |
Achievement |
|
1901 |
Germany |
work on
serum therapy |
|
|
1902 |
U.K. |
discovery
of how malaria enters an organism |
|
|
1903 |
Denmark |
treatment
of skin diseases with light |
|
|
1904 |
Russia |
work on the
physiology of digestion |
|
|
1905 |
Germany |
tuberculosis
research |
|
|
1906 |
Italy |
work on the
structure of the nervous system |
|
|
Spain |
work on the
structure of the nervous system |
||
|
1907 |
France |
discovery
of the role of protozoans in diseases |
|
|
1908 |
Germany |
work on
immunity |
|
|
Russia |
work on
immunity |
||
|
1909 |
Switzerland |
physiology,
pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland |
|
|
1910 |
Germany |
researches
in cellular chemistry |
|
|
1911 |
Sweden |
work on
dioptrics of the eye |
|
|
1912 |
France |
work on
vascular suture; transplantation of organs |
|
|
1913 |
France |
work on
anaphylaxis |
|
|
1914 |
Austria-Hungary |
work on
vestibular apparatus |
|
|
1919 |
Belgium |
work on
immunity factors in blood serum |
|
|
1920 |
Denmark |
discovery
of the capillary motor-regulating mechanism |
|
|
1922 |
U.K. |
discoveries
concerning heat production in muscles |
|
|
Germany |
work on
metabolism of lactic acid in muscles |
||
|
1923 |
Canada |
discovery
of insulin |
|
|
U.K. |
discovery
of insulin |
||
|
1924 |
Netherlands |
discovery
of electrocardiogram mechanism |
|
|
1926 |
Denmark |
contributions
to cancer research |
|
|
1927 |
Austria |
work on
malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica |
|
|
1928 |
France |
work on
typhus |
|
|
1929 |
Netherlands |
discovery
of the antineuritic vitamin |
|
|
U.K. |
discovery
of growth-stimulating vitamins |
||
|
1930 |
U.S. |
discovery
of human blood groups |
|
|
1931 |
Germany |
discovery
of the nature and action of the respiratory enzyme |
|
|
1932 |
U.K. |
discoveries
regarding function of neurons |
|
|
U.K. |
discoveries
regarding function of neurons |
||
|
1933 |
U.S. |
heredity
transmission functions of chromosomes |
|
|
1934 |
U.S. |
discoveries
concerning liver treatment for anemia |
|
|
U.S. |
discoveries
concerning liver treatment for anemia |
||
|
U.S. |
discoveries
concerning liver treatment for anemia |
||
|
1935 |
Germany |
organizer
effect in embryos |
|
|
1936 |
U.K. |
work on
chemical transmission of nerve impulses |
|
|
Germany |
work on
chemical transmission of nerve impulses |
||
|
1937 |
Hungary |
work on
biological combustion |
|
|
1938 |
Belgium |
discovery
of the role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in respiration regulation |
|
|
1939 |
Gerhard Domagk (declined) |
Germany |
antibacterial
effect of Prontosil |
|
1943 |
Denmark |
discovery
of vitamin K |
|
|
U.S. |
discovery
of the chemical nature of vitamin K |
||
|
1944 |
U.S. |
researches
on differentiated functions of nerve fibres |
|
|
U.S. |
researches
on differentiated functions of nerve fibres |
||
|
1945 |
U.K. |
discovery
of penicillin and its curative value |
|
|
U.K. |
discovery
of penicillin and its curative value |
||
|
Australia |
discovery
of penicillin and its curative value |
||
|
1946 |
U.S. |
production
of mutations by X-radiation |
|
|
1947 |
U.S. |
discovery
of how glycogen is catalytically converted |
|
|
Argentina |
pituitary
hormone function in sugar metabolism |
||
|
1948 |
Switzerland |
properties
of DDT |
|
|
1949 |
Portugal |
therapeutic
value of leucotomy in psychoses |
|
|
Switzerland |
discovery
of functions of the interbrain |
||
|
1950 |
U.S. |
research on
adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects |
|
|
U.S. |
research on
adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects |
||
|
Switzerland |
research on
adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects |
||
|
1951 |
South
Africa |
yellow
fever discoveries |
|
|
1952 |
U.S. |
discovery
of streptomycin |
|
|
1953 |
U.K. |
discovery
of the citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates |
|
|
U.S. |
discovery
of coenzyme A in metabolism of carbohydrates |
||
|
1954 |
U.S. |
cultivation
of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures |
|
|
U.S. |
cultivation
of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures |
||
|
U.S. |
cultivation
of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures |
||
|
1955 |
Sweden |
nature and
mode of action of oxidation enzymes |
|
|
1956 |
U.S. |
discoveries
concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes |
|
|
West
Germany |
discoveries
concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes |
||
|
U.S. |
discoveries
concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes |
||
|
1957 |
Italy |
production
of synthetic curare |
|
|
1958 |
U.S. |
genetic
regulation of chemical processes |
|
|
U.S. |
genetic
recombination |
||
|
U.S. |
genetic
regulation of chemical processes |
||
|
1959 |
U.S. |
work on
producing nucleic acids artificially |
|
|
U.S. |
work on
producing nucleic acids artificially |
||
|
1960 |
Australia |
acquired
immunity to tissue transplants |
|
|
U.K. |
acquired
immunity to tissue transplants |
||
|
1961 |
U.S. |
functions
of the inner ear |
|
|
1962 |
U.K. |
discoveries
concerning the molecular structure of DNA |
|
|
U.S. |
discoveries
concerning the molecular structure of DNA |
||
|
U.K. |
discoveries
concerning the molecular structure of DNA |
||
|
1963 |
Australia |
study of
the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre |
|
|
U.K. |
study of
the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre |
||
|
U.K. |
study of
the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre |
||
|
1964 |
U.S. |
discoveries
concerning cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism |
|
|
West
Germany |
discoveries
concerning cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism |
||
|
1965 |
France |
discoveries
concerning regulatory activities of body cells |
|
|
France |
discoveries
concerning regulatory activities of body cells |
||
|
France |
discoveries
concerning regulatory activities of body cells |
||
|
1966 |
U.S. |
research on
causes and treatment of cancer |
|
|
U.S. |
research on
causes and treatment of cancer |
||
|
1967 |
Sweden |
discoveries
about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye |
|
|
U.S. |
discoveries
about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye |
||
|
U.S. |
discoveries
about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye |
||
|
1968 |
U.S. |
deciphering
the genetic code |
|
|
U.S. |
deciphering
the genetic code |
||
|
U.S. |
deciphering
the genetic code |
||
|
1969 |
U.S. |
research
and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases |
|
|
U.S. |
research
and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases |
||
|
U.S. |
research
and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases |
||
|
1970 |
U.S. |
discoveries
concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission |
|
|
Sweden |
discoveries
concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission |
||
|
U.K. |
discoveries
concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission |
||
|
1971 |
U.S. |
action of
hormones |
|
|
1972 |
U.S. |
research on
the chemical structure of antibodies |
|
|
U.K. |
research on
the chemical structure of antibodies |
||
|
1973 |
Austria |
discoveries
in animal behaviour patterns |
|
|
Austria |
discoveries
in animal behaviour patterns |
||
|
U.K. |
discoveries
in animal behaviour patterns |
||
|
1974 |
U.S. |
research on
structural and functional organization of cells |
|
|
Belgium |
research on
structural and functional organization of cells |
||
|
U.S. |
research on
structural and functional organization of cells |
||
|
1975 |
U.S. |
interaction
between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell |
|
|
U.S. |
interaction
between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell |
||
|
U.S. |
interaction
between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell |
||
|
1976 |
U.S. |
studies of
the origin and spread of infectious diseases |
|
|
U.S. |
studies of
the origin and spread of infectious diseases |
||
|
1977 |
U.S. |
research on
pituitary hormones |
|
|
U.S. |
research on
pituitary hormones |
||
|
U.S. |
development
of radioimmunoassay |
||
|
1978 |
Switzerland |
discovery
and application of enzymes that fragment DNA |
|
|
U.S. |
discovery
and application of enzymes that fragment DNA |
||
|
U.S. |
discovery
and application of enzymes that fragment DNA |
||
|
1979 |
U.S. |
development
of the CAT scan |
|
|
U.K. |
development
of the CAT scan |
||
|
1980 |
U.S. |
investigations
of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances |
|
|
France |
investigations
of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances |
||
|
U.S. |
investigations
of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances |
||
|
1981 |
U.S. |
processing
of visual information by the brain |
|
|
U.S. |
functions
of the cerebral hemispheres |
||
|
Sweden |
processing
of visual information by the brain |
||
|
1982 |
Sweden |
biochemistry
and physiology of prostaglandins |
|
|
Sweden |
biochemistry
and physiology of prostaglandins |
||
|
U.K. |
biochemistry
and physiology of prostaglandins |
||
|
1983 |
U.S. |
discovery
of mobile plant genes that affect heredity |
|
|
1984 |
U.K.-Denmark |
theory and
development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies |
|
|
West
Germany |
theory and
development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies |
||
|
Argentina |
theory and
development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies |
||
|
1985 |
U.S. |
discovery
of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism |
|
|
U.S. |
discovery
of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism |
||
|
1986 |
U.S. |
discovery
of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells |
|
|
Italy |
discovery
of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells |
||
|
1987 |
Japan |
study of
genetic aspects of antibodies |
|
|
1988 |
U.K. |
development
of new classes of drugs for combating disease |
|
|
U.S. |
development
of new classes of drugs for combating disease |
||
|
U.S. |
development
of new classes of drugs for combating disease |
||
|
1989 |
U.S. |
study of
cancer-causing genes (oncogenes) |
|
|
U.S. |
study of
cancer-causing genes (oncogenes) |
||
|
1990 |
U.S. |
development
of kidney and bone marrow transplants |
|
|
U.S. |
development
of kidney and bone marrow transplants |
||
|
1991 |
Germany |
discovery
of how cells communicate, as related to diseases |
|
|
Germany |
discovery
of how cells communicate, as related to diseases |
||
|
1992 |
U.S. |
discovery
of the class of enzymes called protein kinases |
|
|
U.S. |
discovery
of the class of enzymes called protein kinases |
||
|
1993 |
U.K. |
discovery
of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure |
|
|
U.S. |
discovery
of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure |
||
|
1994 |
U.S. |
discovery
of cell signalers called G-proteins |
|
|
U.S. |
discovery
of cell signalers called G-proteins |
||
|
1995 |
U.S. |
identification
of genes that control the body's early structural development |
|
|
Germany |
identification
of genes that control the body's early structural development |
||
|
U.S. |
identification
of genes that control the body's early structural development |
||
|
1996 |
Australia |
discovery
of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells |
|
|
Switzerland |
discovery
of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells |
||
|
1997 |
U.S. |
discovery
of the prion, a type of disease-causing protein |
|
|
1998 |
U.S. |
discovery
that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular
system |
|
|
U.S. |
discovery
that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular
system |
||
|
U.S. |
discovery
that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular
system |
||
|
1999 |
U.S. |
discovery
that proteins have signals governing cellular organization |
|
|
2000 |
Sweden |
discovery
of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain |
|
|
U.S. |
discovery
of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain |
||
|
U.S. |
discovery
of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain |
||
|
2001 |
U.S. |
discovery of
key regulators of the cell cycle |
|
|
U.K. |
discovery
of key regulators of the cell cycle |
||
|
U.K. |
discovery
of key regulators of the cell cycle |
||
|
2002 |
U.K. |
discoveries
concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
(apoptosis) |
|
|
U.S. |
discoveries
concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
(apoptosis) |
||
|
U.K. |
discoveries
concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death
(apoptosis) |
||
|
2003 |
U.S. |
development
of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
|
|
U.K. |
development
of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
||
|
2004 |
U.S. |
discovery
of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system |
|
|
U.S. |
discovery
of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system |
||
|
2005 |
Australia |
discovery
of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer disease |
|
|
Australia |
discovery
of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer disease |
||
|
2006 |
U.S. |
discovery
of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA |
|
|
U.S. |
discovery
of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA |
||
|
2007 |
U.S. |
discovery
of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use
of embryonic stem cells |
|
|
U.K. |
discovery
of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use
of embryonic stem cells |
||
|
U.S. |
discovery
of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use
of embryonic stem cells |
||
|
2008 |
France |
discovery
of human immunodeficiency virus |
|
|
France |
discovery
of human immunodeficiency virus |
||
|
Germany |
discovery
of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer |
||
|
2009 |
U.S. |
discovery
of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase |
|
|
U.S. |
discovery
of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase |
||
|
U.S. |
discovery
of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase |
||
|
2010 |
U.K. |
development
of in vitro fertilization |
|
|
2011 |
U.S. |
discoveries
concerning the activation of innate immunity |
|
|
Luxembourg/France |
discoveries
concerning the activation of innate immunity |
||
|
Canada |
discovery
of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity |
||
|
2012 |
U.K. |
discovery
that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent |
|
|
Japan |
discovery
that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent |
||
|
2013 |
U.S. |
discoveries
of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells |
|
|
U.S. |
discoveries
of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells |
||
|
Germany/U.S. |
discoveries
of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells |
||
|
2014 |
Norway |
discoveries
of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain |
|
|
Norway |
discoveries
of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain |
||
|
U.S./U.K. |
discoveries
of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain |
||
|
2015 |
Ireland |
discoveries
concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites |
|
|
Japan |
discoveries
concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites |
||
|
China |
discoveries
concerning a novel therapy against malaria |
||
|
2016 |
Japan |
discoveries
of mechanisms for autophagy |
|
|
2017 |
U.S. |
discoveries
of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm |
|
|
U.S. |
discoveries
of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm |
||
|
U.S. |
discoveries
of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm |
||
|
2018 |
U.S. |
discovery
of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation |
|
|
Japan |
discovery
of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation |
||
|
2019 |
U.S. |
discoveries
of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability |
|
|
U.K. |
discoveries
of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability |
||
|
U.S. |
discoveries
of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability |
||
|
2020 |
U.S. |
discovery
of hepatitis C virus |
|
|
U.K. |
discovery
of hepatitis C virus |
||
|
U.S. |
discovery
of hepatitis C virus |
||
|
2021 |
U.S. |
discoveries
of receptors for temperature and touch |
|
|
Leb./U.S. |
discoveries
of receptors for temperature and touch |
||
|
2022 |
Sweden |
discoveries
concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution |
|
|
2023 |
Hungary/U.S. |
discoveries
concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of
effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 |
|
|
U.S. |
discoveries
concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of
effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 |
||
|
2024 |
U.S. |
discovery of microRNA and its
role in post-transcriptional gene regulation |
|
|
U.S. |
discovery of microRNA and its
role in post-transcriptional gene regulation |
||
|
2025 |
U.S. |
discoveries
concerning peripheral immune tolerance |
|
|
U.S. |
discoveries
concerning peripheral immune tolerance |
||
|
Japan |
discoveries
concerning peripheral immune tolerance |
||
|
2026 |
U.S. |
discoveries
concerning light-gated ion channels and optogenetics |
|
|
Germany |
discoveries
concerning light-gated ion channels and optogenetics |
||
|
Germany |
discoveries
concerning light-gated ion channels and optogenetics |
Source: britannica.com
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